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Written By ۱۴۰۱ فروردین ۱۶, سه‌شنبه Add Comment Edit

Light off-route vehicle

The ATV is commonly chosen a iv-wheeler in Australia, South Africa, parts of Canada, India and the United States. They are used extensively in agriculture, because of their speed and light footprint.

An all-terrain vehicle (ATV), also known as a light utility vehicle (LUV),[one] a quad cycle, or simply a quad, as defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI); is a vehicle that travels on low-pressure tires, with a seat that is straddled by the operator, along with handlebars for steering command. Every bit the name implies, it is designed to handle a wider variety of terrain than well-nigh other vehicles. Although it is a street-legal vehicle in some countries, it is non street-legal within near states, territories and provinces of Australia, the United states or Canada.

By the current ANSI definition, ATVs are intended for use by a unmarried operator, although some companies take developed ATVs intended for utilize past the operator and one passenger. These ATVs are referred to equally tandem ATVs.[two]

The passenger sits on and operates these vehicles similar a motorcycle, but the extra wheels give more stability at slower speeds. Although most are equipped with 3 or four wheels, six-wheel models exists and existed historically[three] for specialized applications. Multiple-user analogues with side-past-side seating are chosen utility terrain vehicles (UTVs) or side-by-sides to distinguish the classes of vehicle. Both classes tend to accept like powertrain parts. Engine sizes of ATVs currently for sale in the United States (equally of 2008 products) range from 49 to 1,000 cc (3.0 to 61 cu in).

History [edit]

19th century [edit]

Majestic Enfield congenital and sold the commencement powered quadracycle in 1893. It had many bicycle components, including handle confined. The Purple Enfield resembles a modernistic ATV-style quad bike merely was designed as a course of horseless carriage for road use.[4]

6-wheeled AATVs [edit]

6x6 Polaris Big Boss in use by the Norwegian war machine in Transitional islamic state of afghanistan.

The term "ATV" was originally coined to refer to non-straddle ridden, typically six-wheeled, amphibious ATVs, such as the Jiger produced by the Jiger Corporation, the Amphicat produced past Mobility Unlimited Inc, and the Terra Tiger produced by the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Visitor in the mid 1960s and early on 1970s. With the introduction of straddle ridden ATVs, the term AATV was introduced to define the original amphibious ATV category.

ATC development [edit]

The first 3-wheeled ATV was the Sperry-Rand Tricart. It was designed in 1967 every bit a graduate projection of John Plessinger at the Cranbrook University of Arts near Detroit. The Tricart was straddle-ridden with a sit-in rather than sit-on style (similar to the contemporaneous Large Cycle toy). In 1968 Plessinger sold the Tricart patents and design rights to Sperry-Rand New Holland who manufactured them commercially. Numerous pocket-sized American manufacturers of 3-wheelers followed. These small manufacturers were unable to compete when larger motorbike companies similar Honda entered the market place in 1969.

1984 Honda ATC200S, 1 of the many three-wheeled models fabricated past Honda and other manufacturers

Honda introduced their commencement sit-on straddle-ridden three-wheeled All Terrain Vehicle in 1969, known every bit a US90, as a 1970 Model. Variations would be popularized in the James Bond movie, Diamonds Are Forever and TV shows such as Md Who, Magnum, P.I. and Hart to Hart. In 1973, Honda would trademark the term "All Terrain Cycle" (ATC), applying the moniker to all Honda produced Three-wheeled ATVs, and creating the universal proper name which now associated with all vehicles of this type. Existence direct influenced by earlier 6-wheeled AATVs of the sixties, it utilized balloon tires for both a low environmental affect and to compensate for a lack of mechanical intermission.[five]

Honda entered the 1980s with a virtual monopoly in the market, due to constructive patents on pattern and engine placement. By 1980, other companies would pay patent royalties to Honda to enter the lucrative ATC field with their ain machines. Yamaha introduced their kickoff ATC, the Tri-Moto YZ125. Kawasaki followed suit the side by side year with the KLT200, while Suzuki produced their beginning endeavour, the ALT125, in 1982. As the popularity of ATCs increased dramatically, rapid development ensued. The ability to get anywhere on terrain that most other vehicles could not cross shortly made them popular with US and Canadian hunters, and those only looking for a good trail ride. As other manufacturers were entering the market place, Honda was diversifying, offering the ATC250R, the first Sport ATC intended for competition, in 1981. The 1982 Honda ATC200E Big Cherry-red was a landmark model. It featured both suspension and racks, making it the get-go ATC designed specifically for utility, and would become the world'south best-selling ATC. Honda followed that endeavour in 1983 with the ATC200X, an like shooting fish in a barrel-to-handle 192 cc (0.192 50; 11.vii cu in) four-stroke Sport ATC that was ideal for new riders.

Not to be outdone, Kawasaki and Yamaha responded with their ain Sport ATCs. 1984 saw the release of the Kawasaki KXT250 Tecate, and Yamaha followed in 1985 with the Tri-Z 250. Both were liquid Cooled 250 cc two-strokes capable of giving the Honda ATC250R competition. In response to growing market place, American Specialty manufacturer Tiger as well introduced a serial of ATCs, Paw-built-to-social club models that included the Tiger 500, the largest displacement ATC produced commercially. While Kawasaki and Yamaha both produced Utility ATCs, famously making the KLT 250 Police and Yamahauler respectively, Suzuki turned their attention to building Sport Quads.

Honda continued to diversify their line-upwards (at acme offering 10 distinct models), releasing the larger, fully suspended 250 cc Large Red Utility ATC, and introduced the 350X Sport ATC, their largest displacement motorcar, in 1985. But the bulk of their sales would prove to exist the 200cc line, offering six models and selling over 500,000 units in 3 years. Honda'south response to the Tecate and Tri-Z, the liquid cooled 1985 and 1986 ATC250R, remains i of the most desirable ATCs of the era, and aftermarket support still follows the motorcar.

American based manufacturers [edit]

Main articles: Tiger ATV LTD and Polaris Scrambler 250R/es

American-based manufacturers also produced ATCs in this period, albeit in small numbers. Polaris offered the Scrambler in 1985 and 1986, producing appx 1600 units. Speciality manufacturer Tiger ATV also produces a range of ATCs, only their liquidation in 1991 left no official record of how many units were produced. The collector ATV market place estimates vary drastically, from 300 to equally many as 1000 units total product. Tiger ATCs were offered for iii years, with models using 80 to 500 cc (0.0800 to 0.500 L; 4.88 to 30.5 cu in) two-stroke engines provided by KTM and Rotax.

The Tiger 500 is notable for being the fastest consumer ATC bachelor, with tested acme speeds of +80 mph from the stock 42 horsepower (31.3 kW)@6500rpm engine and v speed gearbox. With final bulldoze gearing changes, the ATC could produce speeds exceeding 100 mph. Notwithstanding, due to the rarity of the machines, much of the public was and remains unaware of the brand, and as all Tiger Models were custom ordered and built to the buyers specifications for the purpose of factory ATV racing, Polaris is generally known as the first American 'Product' ATV producer.

Voluntary cease of production [edit]

Production of iii-wheelers was voluntarily ceased by all manufacturers past 1987, in calorie-free of safety concerns, and ahead of whatsoever legislation.[6] Though future studies would show that 3-wheelers were not considered more unstable than four-wheelers (although accidents are equally severe in both classes),[vii] manufacturers agreed to a x-year moratorium on production, as well equally collectively financing a +$100 million ATV rubber campaign. Despite the moratorium lifting, manufacturers have not returned to the ATC market, focusing instead on four wheeled ATVs. A ban on sales of new or used three-wheelers and a call back of all remaining three-wheelers has been proposed past the American University of Pediatrics.[8] However, it was determined in a CPSC study that three-wheelers are no more than unsafe than other ATVs.[ commendation needed ] Because of the cessation of product, information technology is widely assumed that the machines are unregistrable, uninsurable, and even illegal, despite a lack of any federal restrictions. All ATCs go on to be governed by the aforementioned laws every bit ATVs, with only select states implementing an older minimum age requirement for employ of ATCs.

These safe bug with three-bike ATCs acquired a shift in the buying public, every bit the sales of recently introduced four-wheel ATV models grew speedily. While three-bicycle models concluded product in 1987, agreements between the major manufacturers and the Consumer Product Rubber Commission to officially cease production and finance safety campaigns moved forward. While the lighter weight of ATCs made them popular with sure riders, manufacturers continued to focus on ATV production.

Safety concerns of ATCs [edit]

Safety courses and educational literature has reduced the number and severity of accidents among ATC and ATV riders. As cornering is more challenging on an ATC than with a iv-wheeled motorcar, properly leaning into the turn is required, to weigh the weight and proceed the machine stable. Operators may coil over if caution isn't used at loftier speeds. The lighter front and smaller footprint of ATCs present both a flipping and steering hazard under acceleration and on inclines. Lateral rollovers may as well occur when traversing steep inclines. Withal, in virtually terrain with the proper riding technique and safety gear, this issues tin be mitigated. ATCs crave unique techniques to ride properly, and turning lean requires more exaggeration than ATVs; Throttle steering is another technique commonly used on ATCs in soft terrain and at high speeds, leaning to the inside of the turn and manipulating the throttle to break traction with the rear tires, resulting in the machines turning on axis while maintaining a forward direction.

H.R. Pecker 4040 (2008) [edit]

Bill 4040 of the House of Representatives, becoming constabulary on August viii, 2008,[ix] separated ATCs from existing new production ATV safety standards, and requires new standards for three-wheeled ATCs to exist drafted. This effectively suspended importation of three-wheeled ATCs, until new standards of safety tin be drafted. Every bit of 2020, such standards have not been drafted. While search engines can find breezy information suggesting major Japanese manufacturers pressed for this measure due to an influx of inexpensive Chinese ATCs in the American market, no official documentation or cited sources back up these claims. Currently, all manufacturers non based in the U.s.a. are restricted from the manufacture and auction of new Three-Wheeled All Terrain Cycles, until safety standards tin be implemented. Below is the segment of Nib 4040 law (section 232) that presents the language effecting the ATC ban.

(Sec. 232) Requires the CPSC, even so any other provision of law, to constitute every bit a mandatory consumer product prophylactic standard a specified American National Standard for four-wheeled all-terrain vehicles adult by the Specialty Vehicle Institute of America. Makes it unlawful for whatever manufacturer or distributor to import or distribute any new all-terrain vehicle unless: (one) the vehicle complies with the standard, is subject to an all-terrain vehicle action plan, and bears a label certifying such compliance and certain other data; and (2) the manufacturer or distributor is in compliance with the action plan.

Prohibits the importation of new three-wheeled all-terrain vehicles until a mandatory consumer product condom standard applicative to iii-wheeled all-terrain vehicles is in event.

Four-wheelers (1980-today) [edit]

ATVs are popular in Saudi Arabia

Suzuki was a leader in the evolution of mass production iv-wheeled ATVs. It sold the first model, the 1982 QuadRunner LT125, which was a recreational machine for beginners.

Run a risk Vehicles of Monroe, Louisiana made the first quad ATV in 1980. They called it the Avenger 400. Prior to that, Chance Vehicles made 3 cycle ATVs and a dump body utility 3 wheeler using Kohler 8 hp engines and Comet drive systems (Comet centrifugal belt-driven clutch, and a Comet frontwards, neutral, reverse transaxle, with a rigid rear axle or rear differential option.) The Avenger 400 was a rigid suspension vehicle with a fiberglass body and welded tube construction. It was a rudimentary vehicle reminiscent of the Tote Gote of the 1960s.[10]

Suzuki sold the first 4-wheeled mini ATV, the LT50, from 1984 to 1987. Subsequently the LT50, Suzuki sold the first ATV with a CVT transmission, the LT80, from 1987 to 2006.

In 1985 Suzuki introduced to the industry the first high-performance iv-bike ATV, the Suzuki LT250R QuadRacer. This machine was in production for the 1985–1992 model years. During its production run, it underwent iii major engineering makeovers. Still, the core features were retained. These were: a sophisticated long-travel suspension, a liquid-cooled, two-stroke motor, and a fully-manual 5-speed transmission (for 1985–1986 models), and a half dozen-speed transmission (for the '87–'92 models). Information technology was a machine exclusively designed for racing past highly skilled riders.

Honda responded a year after with the FourTrax TRX250R—a machine that has non been replicated until recently. It currently remains a trophy winner and competitor to big-diameter ATVs. Kawasaki responded with its Tecate-4 250. The TRX250R was very similar to the ATC250R it eventually replaced and is ofttimes considered i of the greatest sport ATVs ever built.

In 1987, Yamaha Motor Company introduced a dissimilar type of high-functioning machine, the Banshee 350, which featured a twin-cylinder liquid-cooled ii-stroke motor from the RD350LC street motorcycle. Heavier and more hard to ride in the dirt than the 250s, the Banshee became a popular machine with sand dune riders thanks to its unique power delivery. The Banshee remains pop, but 2006 is the concluding yr it was available in the U.Due south. (due to EPA emissions regulations); it remained available in Canada until 2008 and in Commonwealth of australia until 2012. The Warrior 350 was introduced in 1987 and went on for years equally a light and fast ATV.

Shortly later the introduction of the Banshee in 1987, Suzuki released the LT500R QuadRacer. This unique quad was powered past a 500 cc liquid-cooled two-stroke engine with a five-speed transmission. This ATV earned the nickname "Quadzilla" with its remarkable amount of speed and size. While there are claims of 100+ mph (160 km/h) stock Quadzillas, it was officially recorded by 3&4 Wheel Action magazine as reaching a top speed of over 79 mph (127 km/h) in a high-speed shootout in its 1988 June effect, making it the fastest production four-wheeled ATV e'er produced. Suzuki discontinued the production of the LT500R in 1990 afterward just iv years.

At the same time, the development of utility ATVs was rapidly escalating. The 1986 Honda FourTrax TRX350 4x4 ushered in the era of four-wheel-drive ATVs. Other manufacturers quickly followed accommodate, and 4x4s have remained the most popular type of ATV ever since. These machines are popular with hunters, farmers, ranchers, and workers at structure sites.

Models go on today, to be divided into the sport and utility markets. Sport models are generally small, calorie-free, two-wheel-drive vehicles that accelerate quickly, have a manual transmission, and run at speeds upwardly to approximately 80 mph (130 km/h). Utility models are mostly bigger four-cycle-drive vehicles with a maximum speed of up to approximately 70 mph (110 km/h). They have the power to haul modest loads on fastened racks or pocket-size dump beds. They may as well tow small trailers. Due to the different weights, each has advantages on unlike types of terrain. A popular model is Yamaha's Raptor 700, which features a well-nigh 700 cc four-stroke engine.

Half dozen-wheel models often have a small-scale dump bed, with an actress set of wheels at the back to increment the payload capacity. They can exist either four-wheel-drive (back wheels driving merely), or half-dozen-cycle-bulldoze.

In 2011 LandFighter was founded, "the first Dutch/European ATV make". The largest part of product takes site in Taiwan, to European standards; the ATVs are finally assembled in the Netherlands.

Safety and legal regulation [edit]

Safety has been a major issue with ATVs due to the high number of deaths and injuries associated with them and the negligible protection offered by the machine.

The modern breed of ATVs was introduced in the early 1970s and about immediately realized alarming injury rates for children and adolescents.[xi] Based on analysis of the National Trauma Data Banking company, ATVs are more dangerous than dirt bikes, possibly due to crush injuries and failure to wear safety gear such equally helmets.[12] They are as dangerous as motorcycles, based on mortality and injury scores.[13] More children and women are injured on ATVs, who also present a lower charge per unit of helmet usage.[14]

Many common injuries can be prevented with the utilize of proper protective equipment.[15] Nigh ATV manufacturers recommend at least a suitable DOT-approved helmet, protective eyewear, gloves and suitable riding boots for all riding conditions. Sport or aggressive riders, or riders on challenging terrain (such as those rock itch or hillclimbing), may opt for a motocross-style chest protector and knee/shin guards for farther protection. Proper tires (suited to a particular terrain) can also play a vital role in preventing injuries.[ commendation needed ] Fatal accidents typically occur when the vehicle rolls over.[16]

United States [edit]

In the United states, statistics released by the Consumer Production Safety Committee (CPSC) show that in 2005, there were an estimated 136,700 injuries associated with ATVs treated in US infirmary emergency rooms. In 2004, the latest year for which estimates are available, 767 people died in ATV-associated incidents. Co-ordinate to statistics released by CPSC, the gamble of injury in 2005 was 171.five injuries per 10,000 four-bike ATVs in utilise. The chance of death in 2004 was ane.1 deaths per ten,000 four-wheelers in utilise.[17] Focus has shifted to machine size balanced with the usage of ATVs categorized past age ranges and engine displacements—in line with the consent decrees. ATVs are mandated to bear a label from the manufacturer stating that the use of machines greater than xc cc by riders under the age of 12 is prohibited. This is a 'manufacturer/CPSC recommendation' and not necessarily country law.

The American Academy of Pediatrics and the CPSC recommended that no children under the age of xvi should ride ATVs.[eighteen] A Canadian study stated that "associated injury patterns, severity, and costs to the healthcare organization" of pediatric injuries associated to ATVs resemble those acquired by motor vehicles, and that public policies should reverberate this fact. Helmets are underutilized and issue in Glasgow Coma Scale scores in children presenting from ATV accidents being like to those in motorbike accidents.[nineteen]

Quad bicycle two-wheel trick-riding on sand dune.

The Consumer Product Safety Commission met in March 2005 to discuss the dangers of ATVs. Information from 2004 showed 44,000 injuries and almost 150 fatalities in children while riding ATVs. In response to calls for farther regulation, the CPSC'due south managing director of compliance, John Gibson Mullan, said that considering the statistics were not ascension, existing measures were working. The New York Times reported an accusation from a staff member that Mullan, who had previously worked equally a lawyer for the ATV industry, had distorted the statistics and prevented further debate.[twenty]

The United States government maintains a website almost the safe of ATVs[21] where rubber tips are provided, such as not driving ATVs with a passenger (passengers make it difficult or impossible for the commuter to shift their weight, equally required to bulldoze an ATV) or not driving ATVs on paved roads (ATVs unremarkably accept a solid rear axle with no differential).

In 1988, the All-terrain Vehicle Condom Establish (ASI) was formed to provide training and education for ATV riders.[22] The cost of attending the training is minimal[ clarification needed ] and is free for purchasers of new machines that autumn inside the correct historic period and size guidelines. Successful completion of a prophylactic training class is, in many states, a minimum requirement for small-age children to be granted permission to ride on country land. Some states have had to implement their ain safety training programs, as the ASI program cannot include those riders with ATVs outside of the historic period and size guidelines, which may still autumn within the states' laws.

Effective January i, 2019, the United States Consumer Product Safe Commission updated ATV lighting requirements, at present requiring all categories of ATVs to be equipped with a terminate lamp and side reflectors, similar to those required on passenger cars.[23]

In industry, agriculture workers are disproportionately at risk for ATV accidents. Virtually fatalities occur in white men over the age of 55.[16]

Uk [edit]

A "quad" is recognised past Britain police as a vehicle with four wheels and a mass of less than 550 kg (1,210 lb).[24] [25] To drive a quad wheel on a public road, in the UK, requires a category B (car) or B1 (motor vehicles with 4 wheels up to 400kg unladen or 550kg if they're designed for conveying goods) licence also as tax, insurance and registration.

In the United Kingdom, the safety bug of cars classed equally quad cycles are illustrated past the case of the G-Wiz (REVAi). The electric microcar was given a Euro NCAP specification test, and the results showed that the vehicle'due south occupants would suffer "serious or life-threatening" injuries in a 64 km/h (40 mph) crash.[26] The UK Department for Transport ended that there were serious rubber concerns when the REVA was crashed at 35 mph (56 km/h).

Australia [edit]

Afterwards consultation with stakeholders including farmers and quad wheel manufacturers, Australia's Heads of Workplace Safety Authorities (HWSA) in 2011 released a strategy intended to reduce the number of deaths and serious injuries associated with quad-bike utilise.[27] The development of the report was closely followed past The Weekly Times newspaper and ABC television set which reviewed the issue through its 7.30 program.[28] Apart from encouraging of standard safety measures such as helmet-wearing, the strategy also recommend evolution of a national training curriculum, indicate of sale fabric for purchasers and, controversially, a recommendation that owners consider plumbing fixtures of an after-market place anti-crush device which may offer added protection in the result of a curlicue-over.

When the study was released the just model of anti-crush protection on the market was the Australian-made "Quad bar" which was vigorously opposed by the industry through media action and a poster entrada at regional events for farmers which are often used to showcase new products.[29] The industry argued that the device had not been properly tested and that by studies of tractor-style ROPS such as a full-frame 'muzzle' around the operator were not only ineffective, but could add to the risk to injury or death.[30] [31]

In February 2012, the Melbourne-based Institute for Safety, Compensation and Recovery Research (ISCRR) published a paper which criticised the research claims of the manufacturers in relation to beat out protection devices. The paper reviewed inquiry in a number of countries since 1993 in relation to rollover protection and found that the industry'southward opposition to rollover protection could non be supported considering of limitations in by inquiry. Information technology recommended further research on the topic and the development of research tools based on the use of ATV/quadbikes in Australian atmospheric condition.[32]

Germany [edit]

In Germany the legal state of affairs is very unrestrictive, but complex.

Street legality and registration [edit]

Almost, if non any manufacturer ATV registered at the KBA (Kraftfahrtbundesamt) tin can be registered for road use in Germany. Vehicle-taxes, insurance and a number plate likewise as a MOT (TÜV) are required.

ATVs, or more commonly "quads" in Federal republic of germany, can be accredited in 2 different ways in Germany. Normally they are taxed and insured as a regular automobile, which results in the tax existence calculated by emissions and displacement in 100ccm steps. ATVs registered as an automobile have to be restricted to a power output of 20 hp/xv kW and are allowed to be driven with a passenger, provided a passenger seat is registered in the vehicle papers.

The quad needs at least one rear mirror on the left side, minimum 10x5cm. Right side mirror is optional.

The vehicle needs a high-/low-axle headlight, brake low-cal, indicators, a number plate mount on front end and back, a signal horn and is limited.

ATVs under 400 kilograms (880 lb) do not demand a opposite gear. Over 400 kilograms (880 lb) empty weight, a reverse gear and reverse light are required.

The maximum engine dissonance restrictions depend on engagement of start registration and engine displacement.

On the other hand, ATVs tin exist registered "equally agronomical and silvicultural" (LoF/Land oder Forstwirtschaftlich) giving the possessor some benefits: The quad can be driven with power outputs more than 20 hp and tax is much cheaper, existence calculated by empty weight. Compared to other agricultural vehicles and ATVs, the insurance cost is much lower.

Nevertheless, there are some restrictions and requirements for registering ATVS equally an agricultural vehicle:

  • the ATV may never be driven with a passenger, fifty-fifty if a passenger seat is available.
  • in addition to the street registration requirements, information technology needs:
    • additional hazard flashers
    • a rear fog calorie-free
    • a minimum of 2 headlights
    • a trailer coupling including electrical kit for trailer lighting.
    • a opposite gear, even under 400 kg empty weight

Customization [edit]

Custom builds and engine replacements are possible to get street legal, by undergoing a single-acceptance procedure from the MOT(TÜV). This results in some custom quads popularly sporting 4-cycle motorcycle engines street legal. A mutual example are Yamaha Raptor 700 Conversions to a Yamaha 1000 cc engine from the early Yamaha Fazer and R1.

Driving license [edit]

ATVS are mostly treated equally a regular automobile in Frg, which ways no special-vehicle or motorcycle licence is needed. the regular driving license class B (multiple track motorised vehicles upwardly to 3.5 tons) is sufficient even for LoF registered vehicles. This results in Quads being allowed for people of 18 years or older that accept a drivers license. It disallows people nether the age of 18 to use, even if they have a 50 cc or 125 cc bike license, due to the fact they are treated as automobiles instead of motorcycles.

However, since 2013, the form AM was introduced, allowing 16 year olds to drive microcars that practice not exceed a speed of 50 km/h (such every bit the infamous Ellenator) a 16 year old owning the AM licence is allowed to bulldoze an ATV limited to 50 cc and a top speed of 45 km/h

Special restrictions [edit]

Being treated as an automobile, wearing a helmet was not required for a long time. Since Jan 2006, helmets are at present required for ATVs, three-wheelers, trikes, etc. No additional protective gear is required.

Officially, driving a quad requires the owner to e'er conduct a hazard triangle and a Beginning Assistance Kit, and additionally a reflective belong if the quad is registered as an agricultural vehicle.

Due to the lack of storage room, constabulary usually don't cheque the back of the vehicle, only if they lack the required equipment, they may be prosecuted.

Environmental issues [edit]

Emissions [edit]

ATVs accounted for 58% of the SI (spark ignited) recreational vehicles in the United states in the year 2000. That year, recreational SI vehicles produced 0.16% of NOx, 8% of HC, v% of CO and 0.8% of PM emissions for all vehicles, both highway and nonroad. As a point of comparison, the nonroad SI < nineteen kW (~25 hp) category (small spark ignition engines such as lawnmowers) comprised 20% of HC and 23% of CO full emissions.[33] While recreational SI vehicles produce an aggregate of <4% of all HC emissions in the US, based on the relatively small population of ATVs (<one.2M) and small annual usage (<350 hrs), EPA emission regulations at present include such engines, starting with the model year 2006. Engines meeting these standards at present produce only three% of the HC emissions that previously unregulated engines did.[34]

Terrain damage [edit]

ATVs in New Brunswick, Canada. Note that one of them is plated, an obligation in New Brunswick to legally cross and roll on roads for a maximum of a few hundred meters.

While the deep treads on some ATV tires are constructive for navigating rocky, muddy and root covered terrain, these treads are also capable of digging channels that may drain bogs, increase sedimentation in streams at crossings and damage groomed snowmobile trails. Proper trail construction techniques tin can mitigate these effects.[35]

In some countries where fencing is not common, such every bit the United states of america, Canada and Australia, some ATV riders knowingly cross privately endemic property in rural areas and travel over public/private properties, where their use is express only to trails. Afterwards, environmentalists criticize ATV riding as a sport for excessive use in areas which biologists consider to be sensitive, specially wetlands and sand dunes and in much of inland Australia.

Considering both scientific studies and U.Due south. National Forest Service personnel have identified unregulated Off-Route Vehicles (ORVs) as the source of major detrimental impacts on national forests, the U.S. Woods Service is currently engaged in the Travel Management Process, wherein individual forests are restricting all off-road motorized travel to canonical trails and roads.[35] This is in dissimilarity to its previously allowed, unregulated cross-land travel across all national forest lands, except for specifically designated wilderness areas. Although ORVs had been identified 30 years ago as a threat to wild ecosystems by the Wood Service, only afterward pressure by an unlikely alliance of environmentalists, private landowners, hunters, ranchers, fishermen, placidity recreationists and forest rangers themselves (who identified ORVs as a "significant law enforcement problem" in national forests).[36] has action been taken.

Other uses [edit]

ATVs using tracks instead of wheels are used at French republic'south Cap Prudhomme in Antarctica.[38]

ATVs are also used in agriculture to bridge the advantages of trucks and tractors.[xvi]

They are used in a variety of industries for their maneuverability and off-roading power. These include:[16]

  • edge patrol
  • construction
  • emergency medical services
  • country management
  • police force enforcement
  • armed services
  • mineral exploration
  • oil exploration
  • pipeline transport
  • search and rescue
  • small-scale forestry
  • surveying
  • wild land burn control

Sport competition [edit]

ATV racing on a motocross track

Sport models are built with performance, rather than utility, in mind. To be successful at fast trail riding, an ATV must take light weight, high power, good suspension and a low middle of gravity. These machines tin can be modified for such racing disciplines as motocross, woods racing (as well known as cross country), desert racing (as well known every bit Hare Scrambles), colina climbing, ice racing, speedway, Tourist Bays (TT), flat rail, drag racing and others.

Throughout the United States and the U.k. in that location are many quad racing clubs with enduro and quadcross sections. GNCC Racing began around 1980 and includes hare scramble and enduro blazon races. To date, events are mainly held in the eastern part of the United States. GNCC racing features many types of obstacles such as, hill climbing, creek and log crossings, dirt roads and wooded trails.

ATV National Motocross Championship[39] was formed around 1985. ATVMX events are hosted at premiere motocross racetracks throughout the United States. ATVMX consists of several groups, including the Pro (AMA Pro) and Amateur (ATVA) series. Fri involves apprentice practicing and racing on Saturday and Sunday. Saturday as well involves racing for the Pro Am Women and Pro Am Unlimited classes. Sunday involves racing for the Pro and Pro Am production ATVs, just are scored separately. On average weekend over 500 racers will compete.

The FIM organizes the Quadcross of Nations at the finish of the year. The contest involves teams of three riders representing their nations. At that place are iii motos with two riders of each nation competing per moto. The location of the event changes from twelvemonth to twelvemonth.

Championship Mud Racing/CMR saw its infancy in 2006 as leaders of the ATV industry recognized a need for uniformity of classes and rules of various local mud bog events. Providing standardized rules created the need for a governing trunk that both racers and issue promoters could plough to and CMR was born. Once unified, a true points serial was established and pb to a national title for what was once nothing more a hobby for about. In 2007 the finalized board of directors was established and the first races were held in 2008. Currently, the CMR schedule includes eight competition dates spanning from March to November. Points are awarded throughout the flavour in several unlike contest classes of ATV and SxS Mud Racing. The 2008 year included Mud Bog and Mudda-Cross competitions, just the 2009 and future seasons will only accept Mudda-Cantankerous competitions. Classes range from 0–499 cc to a Super-Modified class which will let any size ATV in competition. The ultimate goal of The CMR is "to run across the growth of ATV Mud Racing as a competitive sport and requite competitors a pedestal upon which they can receive the recognition from national media and manufacture sponsors that they take long deserved."[40]

In 2005 the FIM Cross-State Rallies Earth Championship started with a Quad Championship and the Dakar Rally added the Quad category in 2008. Because the 2008 Dakar Rally was cancelled, the 2009 Dakar Rally was the first Dakar Rally with Quads.

Amateur and professional person 3-wheeler racing across the U.s.a. has as well spiked in popularity once again, at levels not seen since the factory teams raced in the 1980s. Part of the appeal is the cheapness of parts, and how like shooting fish in a barrel it is to get into. Races are held at various local and large venues, particularly in Ohio, New York, Pennsylvania, Arizona, Michigan and California. Payouts are sometimes awarded to winners.

Each twelvemonth in June, the world'south biggest 3-wheeler gathering is held at Haspin Acres, in Laurel, Indiana, for the Trikefest upshot. Over the course of 3 days complete with camping, hundreds of people get together for the event which features competitive racing such as MX way racing, drag racing, mud racing, colina climbs and other events. For those who wish not to compete, at that place are also many trails a person tin ride. every bit many as 100 or more three-wheelers show upward each year, some congenital and restored to exist raffled off, others brought to ride.

The fastest speed recorded on a quad cycle, or ATV given a flying start, is 315.74 km/h (196.19 mph), past Terry Wilmeth (U.s.), at the Madras Aerodrome in Madras, Oregon, USA, on 15 June 2008.[41]

See too [edit]

  • Amphibious ATV
  • Car
  • Dune buggy
  • John Deere
  • Motorbike
  • Motorized tricycle
  • Non-road engine
  • Off-route vehicle
  • Side-by-side vehicle
  • Tomcar
  • Quadricycle (Eu vehicle nomenclature)

References [edit]

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  2. ^ "Standards for All Terrain Vehicles and Ban of Three-Wheeled All Terrain Vehicles; Proposed Dominion". Consumer Product Safety Commission (Federal Register). 10 Baronial 2006. Archived from the original on thirteen Jan 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
  3. ^ "How Many Wheels Did The Original ATV Have? – ATV Trail Reviews". Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  4. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy equally championship (link) Royal Enfield Early History
  5. ^ Chris Cooper. "ATC90 History". Archived from the original on 16 Dec 2006. Retrieved 2 January 2007.
  6. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (March 2008). "All-terrain vehicle fatalities—West Virginia, 1999–2006". Morbidity and Bloodshed Weekly Report. 57 (12): 312–5. PMID 18368006.
  7. ^ Ganos D, Crady Due south, Poortenga S, Hoffman One thousand, Mann R (July 1988). "Trauma associated with three- and iv-wheeled all-terrain vehicles: is the four-wheeler an unrecognized health gamble?". The American Surgeon. 54 (7): 429–33. PMID 3389591.
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  9. ^ 110th Congress (14 August 2008). "H.R.4040 - Consumer Product Safety Comeback Act of 2008 History". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  10. ^ First e'er fabricated ATV brought back to life Avenger 400, archived from the original on 13 November 2021, retrieved 24 July 2021
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  15. ^ "ATV Accidents | Injury Data.com – Data almost Injuries, Handling, and Rehabilitation". www.injuryinformation.com . Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  16. ^ a b c d Helmkamp, Jim (24 October 2012). "All-terrain Vehicles and Work". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Retrieved 22 Jan 2015.
  17. ^ "CPSC 2005 Almanac Report of Deaths and Injuries" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
  18. ^ Brown RL, Koepplinger ME, Mehlman CT, Gittelman Grand, Garcia VF (March 2002). "All-terrain vehicle and bike crashes in children: epidemiology and comparing of injury severity". Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 37 (3): 375–eighty. doi:10.1053/jpsu.2002.30826. PMID 11877651.
  19. ^ Miller B, Baig Thou, Hayes J, Elton Due south (September 2006). "Injury outcomes in children post-obit machine, motorbike, and all-terrain vehicle accidents: an institutional review". J. Neurosurg. 105 (3 Suppl): 182–six. doi:10.3171/ped.2006.105.3.182. PMID 16970230.
  20. ^ Eric Lipton (2 September 2007). "Safety Agency Faces Scrutiny Amid Changes". The New York Times . Retrieved 26 December 2007.
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  22. ^ "ATV Safety Institute" Archived 5 July 2010 at the Wayback Automobile
  23. ^ https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/02/27/2018-03904/all-terrain-vehicles#:~:text=ANSI%2FSVIA%201%2D2017%20requires,if%20not%20equipped%20with%20a
  24. ^ "Your full driving license" (PDF). DVLA. xviii August 2006. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved sixteen Apr 2008.
  25. ^ "Quad bikes: the rules". Authorities of the United kingdom. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  26. ^ "G-Wiz crash test news – Electric shock". Top Gear. nine May 2007. Archived from the original on xv April 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2008.
  27. ^ Quad Bike Industry Solutions Plan Trans-Tasman Working Group Archived 5 Nov 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ "seven.thirty". ABC. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  29. ^ "Google Paradigm Result for". xvi June 2011. Retrieved 18 Nov 2012.
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  31. ^ "ATV Safety". 23 August 2011. Retrieved xviii Nov 2012 – via YouTube.
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  33. ^ "Emission Modeling for Recreational Vehicles" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2004. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
  34. ^ "EPA Regulatory Declaration on ATV emission standards" (PDF) . Retrieved 21 September 2006.
  35. ^ a b "36 CFR Parts 212, 251, 261, and 295; RIN 0596–AC11; Travel Management; Designated Routes and Areas for Motor Vehicle Use" (PDF). Federal Register. U.Due south. Wood Service. 9 November 2005.
  36. ^ "Flyrodreel.com". Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  37. ^ "ATV ability wash station helping to wash out invasive plants on the Chequamegon-Nicolet NF". U.S. Forest Service. vii July 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  38. ^ Eacott, John. Stunning Antarctica. Date: xx November 2009. Retrieved 30 Jan 2011.
  39. ^ ATVmotorcross.com
  40. ^ "CMR – Near – Championship Mud Racing". Archived from the original on half-dozen March 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
  41. ^ Glenday, Craig (2013). Guinness Globe Records 2014. The Jim Pattison Group. pp. 101. ISBN978-1-908843-xv-9.

External links [edit]

  • Offroad Vehicles at Curlie

healeybrall1971.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle

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